Influence of systems of soil cultivation and pro­tection against diseases and weeds on the yield of winter wheat

Мета. Дослідити вплив різних обробітків ґрунту на видову забур’яненість і розвиток хвороб пшениці озимої в зоні Західного Полісся. Методи. В основу досліджень покладені польові досліди з використанням методів: візуального — для визначення фенологічних фаз росту і розвитку культури; підрахункового — для визначення розвитку хвороб, шкідників, параметрів структури врожаю і врожайності культури; хімічного — для визначення вмісту елементів живлення в ґрунті; математико-статистичного — для оцінки достовірності результатів досліджень; розрахунково-порівняльного — для аналізу економічної ефективності. Результати. Установлено, що за полицевого обробітку ґрунту чисельність бур’янів у 2,7 раза менша, ніж за поверхневого. Дещо менша різниця впливу обробітку ґрунту прослідковується на розвиток і поширення хвороб. Проте тенденція зниження все ж таки зберігається за полицевого обробітку ґрунту та інтенсивної системи захисту. Висновки. Обробіток ґрунту значно впливає на накопичення бур’янів. Так, за полицевого обробітку ґрунту чисельність бур’янів не перевищувала 254 шт./м2, водночас за поверхневого цей показник був у 2,1 раза вищий. Дещо менша різниця впливу обробітку ґрунту на розвиток і поширення хвороб. Проте тенденція зниження розвитку та їх поширення все ж таки зберігається за полицевого обробітку ґрунту. Обробіток ґрунту дав змогу отримати приріст урожаю на рівні 0,24–0,39 т/га, проте його поєднання з інтенсивною системою захисту від хвороб і бур’янів зумовило збільшення урожайності в межах 1,71–2,43 т/га.

The accounting of the defeat of winter wheat (powdery mildew, septoriosis of leaves, perinofroz) were carried out according to the technique of V.P. Omeluty [13] on 10 ground for 10 plants and for the actually occupied mycelium or spot on the area of leaves, stalks on the scale of E.E. Geshel [14] before spraying  [15].
It were determined, the structural analysis of winter wheat and accounting of crop in the period of harvest. The data of agricultural crops are calculated by the method of dispersion analysis by B.O. Dospekhov [16] using a computer program.
The results of research. The results of research showed that on the deep plowing soil spring bunch of winter wheat occurs 4-5 days earlier than the surface. That is, the application of deep plowing and shallow plowing promotes acceleration of plant growth.
During the years of research, the largest number of weeds was observed for surface cultivation of soil -549 pcs./m 2 , which is 2,1 times higher than for deep plowing.

Variant
The number of weeds, pcs / m 2 Technical efficiency,% The research revealed that the highest technical efficiency was observed during spraying of crops with a herbicide triathlon on the 14th day after spraying and for deep plowing of soil (95.1%) (table 1).
The weight of weeds at the time of harvesting, in variants without herbicides was 413.1-607.0 g/m 2 depending on the cultivation of soil, whereas in variants where herbicides were applied the weight had been 12.5-52.0 g/m 2 .
The most widespread and harmful diseases in winter wheat, in spite of soil cultivation, were powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) and septoriosis (Septoria tritici) in the bunch phase. The development of these diseases is closely linked to weather conditions during the growing season.
In the research area in April and the first decade of May, usually, there are variations in temperature at day and night, which creates unfavorable conditions for the early development of diseases. The incubation phase at the control of the development of the disease is 4.9-5.5% with a prevalence of 71.2-79.0%, the septoriosis wasn't detected. It should be noted that during the years of research the first signs of septoriosis appeared only at the end of the third decade of May. After 14 days after spraying on the variants cultivated with fungicide Rex Duo (0.5 l/ha), the development of powdery mildew is 2.2-2.8%, septophoriosis in these variants was not detected. In variants without fungicides on the date of accounting, the development of powdery mildew was within the range of 32.0-38.5%, septeriosis 1.5-2.5% with a spread of 22.0-26.5%.
The result of the research showed that the technical efficiency of Rex Duos fungicide against diseases was the highest at 14 days (89.9-93.8%) and there wasn't observe significant dependence on soil cultivation (table 2). The period of earing of winter wheat over the years of research has fallen to the beginning of the second decade of June in the context of 3-4 days depending on the year. After 14 days after spraying with fungicide Abacus (1.25 l/ha), the development of septoriosis is 6.2-7.1% with a dissemination of 61.8-65.5%, pyrogenosporosis 3.0-3.8%, while as in variants without fungicidal protection, this figure exceeded 39.5% with a dissemination of 100% and 23.5% from 50.1%. It should be noted that there wasn't significant dependence of disease development on soil cultivation, somewhat lower development and distribution in the deep plowing. According to research in the phase of earing, the technical efficiency of the Abacus fungicide for 14 days after spraying against septoriosis was 86,5-88,2% and pyrenephrosis was 71.8-75.0% (table 3).

The efficiency of application of fungicides on winter wheat crops in phase of earing (2017-2019)
The research showed that the spraying of winter wheat crops with herbicides and fungicides promoted to the development of productive stems and the preservation of the leaf surface of the flag leaf, which greatly effected the yield and quality of the grain. The weight of 1000 grains on cultivated variants was 42.34-45.12 g, which is 10.54-8.69 g higher than in the case without pesticides (31.75-36.43 g).
The highest yield (7.49 t/ha) was observed for field cultivation of soil and intensive protection system (table 4). НІР05 cultivation factor A 0,16 НІР05 system of protection factor B 0,14 НІР05 interactions 0,21

Conclusion
The researches showed that soil cultivation has a significant impact on the accumulation of harmful organisms, in particular, it is clearly traceable to the number of weeds. Thus, for the deep plowing of soil, the number of weeds did not exceed 254.0 pc./m 2 , while for the deep plowing this indicator was 2.1 times higher. A slightly less difference in the effect of cultivating the soil was observed on the development and spread of diseases. However, the tendency to decrease development and its distribution still remains for the deep plowing of the soil. It should be noted that the soil cultivation allowed to obtain a yield increase of 0.24-0.39 t/ha, but its combination with the intensive protection system resulted in an increase in yields within the range of 1.71-2.43 t/ha.