Yield ability and quality of seeds of flax varieties in the Southern steppe of Ukraine depending on different growing conditions

Vozhegova R., Borovik V., Konovalova V. 1, Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS Naddniprianske, Kherson, 73483, Ukraine Askaniia State Agricultural Research Station of Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS Tavrychanka village, Kakhovka region, Kherson oblast, 74862, Ukraine e-mail: izz.ua@ukr.net, veraborovik@meta.ua, vera_konovalova_1990@ukr.net ORCID: 0000-0002-3865-5633; 0000-0002-6507-4006; 00000002-0655-9214 Goal. To determine the yield ability and oil content of seeds of different flax varieties under different conditions of moisture and doses of mineral fertilizers in the zone of Southern Steppes of Ukraine. Methods. Field — to determine the dependence of the object of study on human factors and productivity, analysis — to assess the conditions of cultivation, statistical — to calculate and assess the results obtained. Results. At cultivation of flax on different backgrounds of moisture in the droughty steppe of Ukraine, it was established that irrigation provides an increase of seed yield in cultivars Orfei (0.79 t/ha), Vira (0.82 t/ha), Evrika (1.03 t/ha) with the application of the N90P60. Mineral fertilizing in the dose of N90P60 will provide the maximum yield of seeds of the varieties Evrika, Orfei, Vira with irrigation and without it — 1,33 – 2.36 t/ha; 1,45 – 2.24; 1,47 – 2.29 t/ha respectively. The highest oil content in flax seeds, which made up 46% on non-irrigated areas, and 47.4% for irrigation, was obtained from the variety Vira at entering N60P60. Oil yield was 569 and 966 kg/ha, respectively. Conclusions. For the first time for new flax varieties Evrika, Orfei, Vira in growing for seeds in different conditions of moisture in the dry conditions of Southern steppe of Ukraine it was established that irrigation provides a yield increase of 0.79 – 1.03 t/ha. With the application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N90P60 they obtained the maximum seed yield of all the studied flax varieties. It is proved that in conditions of Southern steppe of Ukraine it is better to sow a variety of flax Vira which at entering fertilizers in the dose of N90P60 without irrigation provides a yield of 1.47 t/ha, and oil content of 45.4%. At irrigation, the yield reaches 2.29 t/ha, oil content — 47.4%, which corresponds to 966 kg/ha.

Using the best varieties of linseed oil is one of the effective means of increasing its yield and improving product quality. To choose the best possible from the collections that exist in the world [1].
When selecting a variety for cultivation in a particular region, its genetic potential, biological characteristics and uses are to be taken into account [7]. Therefore, it is important to select varieties of flaxseed adapted to the area of introduction, because scientists have found that the external environment and growing conditions have a direct impact on the formation of quantitative traits in plants, including flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) -the duration of the growing season, high vegetation period, plant branching and yield, demonstrating the additivity of gene effects [8][9][10][11][12][13].
In this regard, we studied new varieties of linseed oil Eureka, Orpheus and Vera, created for the southern steppe of Ukraine.
Mineral fertilizers greatly influence the accumulation of oil in flax seeds. An important measure of the effectiveness of their use is the choice of optimal doses and the ratio of the main batteries. For new varieties of flaxseed Eureka, Orpheus and Vera, no such studies have been conducted.
Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the yield and oilseeds of seeds of different varieties of oilseed flax under different conditions of moist supply and doses of mineral fertilizers in the area of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The application of mineral fertilizers was carried out in accordance with the scheme of the experiment. Seed rate is 5 million pieces/ha. Seeding was carried out with a precision seeder "Maple" 1.6. On average, during the growing season, 4 irrigations were carried out with the Zimmatik sprinkler of 300 m³ of water per hectare.
The soil of the experimental field is dark chestnut hard loamy, partly slightly saline with humus content in the arable layer 2.15-2.3%. Soil density -1.2-1.3 g/cm 3 , wilting moisture -7.8-9.8%, lowest moisture capacity 0.7 m layer 20.5-22.4%. Groundwater is more than 15 m deep.
Annual rainfall ranges from 239 to 969 mm SCC (according to Selyaninov), which depends not only on the amount of precipitation, but also on the temperature regime, is in the range of 0.5-0.7. The humidity coefficient (according to Buchinsky) is less than 0.5, which indicates a significant advantage of evaporation over the amount of moisture from precipitation. The number of dry days, when the relative humidity drops to 30%, in the south of the Steppe zone is about 50. That is, in this zone there is a persistent lack of moisture, which confirms the need for irrigation. Therefore, it is no accident that 82.8% of all irrigated lands of Ukraine are located in the Steppe zone.
It should be noted that the temperature regime of the Steppe zone of Ukraine is quite favorable for obtaining high seed yields provided that the flax is provided with oil moisture. Irrigation water was used for irrigation water of the Kakhovka Irrigation System, which is suitable for irrigation without additional purification (filtration).
The scheme of the experiment provided the following factors and their gradations: factor A -water supply regime (without irrigation and irrigation) factor B -varieties of linseed oil (Eureka, Orpheus, Vera) factor Cmineral nutrition background (without fertilizers, N45P60, N60P60, N90P60).
Research methods -field to determine the dependence of the object of research on anthropogenic factors and productivity, analytical -to assess the conditions of cultivation of culture, statistical -to calculate and evaluate the results obtained.
Indicators of seed quality were determined in the laboratory according to conventional methods [16].
Results. Vegetable oil derived from flaxseed has been used for many centuries. Phylogenetic analysis shows that flax was first used to make oil and then to obtain fiber [17].
Flax seed contains up to 48% of the oil used in the form of technical raw materials for a number of industries: paint, soap, leather and footwear, etc. In the last two decades, flaxseed has been the focus of research in diet and disease because of the potential health benefits associated with its biologically active components [17 -19].
Scientists have evaluated the stability of quality indicators in the promising lines of linseed oil. The data obtained prove that one way to increase the amount of oil in flax seeds is to use a mineral fertilizer [20][21][22].
The results of the study showed that mineral fertilizers, which are an indispensable element of the technology of cultivation of crops, including flax oil, significantly increase the yield of its seeds and affect the content of oil. The indexes of oilseed flax grown for irrigation were slightly higher than in the variants without irrigation. The highest content of oil in flax seeds was obtained in the Vera variety for the application of N60 P60, which was 46.0% on the rain and 47.4% on the irrigation. The yield of oil at the same time 569 and 966 kg/ha, respectively (table 1).

Impact of different doses of mineral fertilizers and soil moisture conditions on yield and quality indicators of flaxseed oil seeds, average for 2016-2018
Growing conditions When growing flaxseed oil seeds on different backgrounds of moist supply in the conditions of the arid Steppe of Ukraine, it was found that irrigation provides an increase in seed yield in the Orpheus variety by 0.79 t/ha, in the Vera variety by 0.82 t/ha, Eureka -by 1,03 t/ha against application of N90 P60.
When growing flax of the oil variety Vera for irrigation yield was -2.29 t/ha with the highest oiliness of 47.4%, which is only 0.07 t/ha less than the yield of the Eureka variety under the same growing conditions (Fig. 1). Growing flax of the Vera oil variety on the background of N90P60 under conditions of natural humidity provided the highest yield at the level of 1.47 t/ha, the oil content was 45.4%.

Fig. 1. Output of oil of flax varieties depending on yield in irrigation conditions on the background of different doses of mineral fertilizer
Generalized data on the yield and quality of varieties showed that the variety Vera, created by the State Farm "Askaniye", is one of the most high yielding and adapted to the conditions of southern Ukraine both in terms of natural humidity and irrigation, has a higher content of oil in the seeds, compared with varieties of Eureka and Orpheus.
Conclusions For the first time, for new varieties of flaxseed Eureka, Orpheus, Faith, when grown on seeds on different backgrounds of moist supply in the conditions of the arid Southern Steppe of Ukraine, it was found that irrigation provides an increase in yield of 0.79-1.03 t/ha.
The application of mineral fertilizers with a dose of N90P60 resulted in the maximum seed yield of all the tested flax varieties of oilseed.
As a result of the scientific work, it was found that in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine it is better to sow a variety of flax Vera, which when introduced N90 P60 without irrigation provides a yield of 1.47 t/ha. Oiliness of this variety under such conditions of cultivation is 45.4%. In the case of irrigation, the product of Eureka is more productive, which, with the introduction of N90 P60, provided a maximum yield of 2.36 t/ha, but with a seed oil content of 45.0% and oil yield per hectare, 945 kg, inferior to Vera, in whose seed yield is 2.29 t/ha, oil content is 47.4%, which corresponds to 966 kg/ha.