Influence of fertilization and care systems on productivity and quality of winter wheat grain

Lukashchuk L., Kurach O., Snizhok O., Huk L., Kucherova A. 1 – Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia of NAAS 5 Rivne Str., Shubkiv village, Rivne region, 35325, Ukraine National University of Water and Environmental Engineering 11 Soborna Str., Rivne, 33028, Ukraine e-mail: 1 – rivne_apv@ukr.net, a.v.kucherova@nuwm.edu.ua ORCID: 0000-0003-21253790, 0000-0002-1343-097X, 0000-0002-22391810, 0000-0001-82007326, 0000-0003-24838169

content in grain from 6 to 1.4%, gluten by 3.50-4.3% [9]. It is also effective to use growth stimulants that increase the grain yield of winter wheat on 0.3-0.7 t/ ha and improve grain quality [10].
The objective of the researches is to determine the effect of the system of mineral nutrition and care of winter wheat crops on obtaining the maximum possible yield of high-quality grain in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. Materials and research methods of the research work was carried out during 2016-2018 in the field crop rotation on typical low-humus light loam chernozem soil which had the following agrochemical parameters of 0-30 cm layer: the content of humus according to Tiurin was 1.96%, the content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen to Kornfield was 79.2 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) according to Kirsanov was 251 and 109 mg/kg of soil respectively, (pH (salt) was 6.2, hydrolytic acidity according to Kapen -1.14 mg.-eq./100 g of soil.
Winter rape was a forecrop.. The area of the accounting plot in the experiments was 25 m 2 , the repetition was four times. Winter wheat cultivar was Darunok Podillia. The sowing rate was 5.0 million similar seeds per hectare.
Weather conditions in the years of research were not entirely favorable for the cultivation of spiked cereals.
The period of soil preparation for sowing winter crops for the 2016 harvest was characterized by dry weather. The reserves of productive moisture at the end of the second decade of September for winter rape as a forecrop were critical: in the arable layer it was 0.89 mm, in the meter -38.34 mm, which made it impossible for seeds to germinate at all. The situation with moisture supply was significantly improved in the third decade of September, when 58.5 mm of precipitation fell, i.e. 127% of the monthly norm.
A stable average daily temperature less than +5 о С was observed from November 21. Winter weather was characterized by high temperature conditions in December and February (above the norm by 4.5 о С and 6.9 о С, respectively). At the beginning of January there observed the lowest temperatures to minus 19.6 о С, the absence of snow cover in contrast to strong winds caused significant damage to leaf blades on winter wheat crops and the death of some plants. Precipitation for the whole winter period was 88.6 mm (89.4% of the norm). The snow covered the land for a short period of time and did not exceed 10 cm. The soil froze to 35 cm. Vegetation resumed in the third decade of February.
Reserves of productive moisture at the time of vegetation renewal were in the arable layer of 0-20 cm -45.3 mm, in the meter -142.9 mm. During the spring-summer vegetation, they were sufficient for normal plant development. Maturing of winter wheat crops took place at the end of the second decade of July.
The period of soil preparation for the winter of 2017 was also characterized by hot dry weather. At higher temperatures in August and September, only 35.0 and 3.3 mm of precipitation fell, respectively, which made it impossible to carry out high-quality tillage and winter sowing. However, in October there was a decrease in air temperature with excessive rainfall (306% of the climatic norm). The cessation of active vegetation of plants occurred on October 30. There were no critical conditions for overwintering winter crops. From the third decade of February there was a significant increase in temperature, which led to the renewal of plant vegetation.
Weather conditions in the autumn of 2017 were characterized by a moderate temperature and excessive rainfall. Thus, in September the average daily air temperature was 14.3 о С, in October -8.5 о С, in November -8.5 о С at the climatic norm of 13.1 о С, 8,5 о С and 2.2 о С, respectively. The first frosts (0.7 о С below zero) were observed at night in early October. When the average daily temperature of not less than 5 о С above zero was recorded on November 11, i.e. at the level of many years and became stable, active vegetation of winter crops was checked in growth. During the autumn the level of atmospheric precipitation accounted for 98.5 mm in September, which was 205% of the climatic norm, in October it was 74.1 mm (195%), in November it was 46.9 mm (130%).
December was characterized by humid weather with increased heat supply at a monthly average daily air temperature plus 1.3 о С, which is 3.7 о С above the climatic norm. Its third decade was extremely warm, when this indicator exceeded the norm by 5.6 о С, and the temperature maximum on some days reached 9.4 о С. During the month, 70 mm of precipitation (189% of the climatic norm) fell in the form of rain and wet snow.
At the beginning of January 2018, there was a cooling, but the weather was quite changeable: there were fluctuations in the average daily air temperature from plus 4.7 о С to minus 12.5 о С. In January, 28.1 mm of precipitation fell (at the monthly rate of 30 mm). At the end of the first decade there was a complete freezing of the soil.
The weather in February differed close to the climatic norm by the average daily temperature in the first and second decades (minus 2.8 о С and minus 3.5 о С, respectively) and an anomalous decrease of this indicator in the third decade to minus10.6 о С at the norm of minus 3.8 о C. The coolest periods were the middle of the first decade and the end of the month, when the minimum air temperature was 17.4 о С -23.2 о С below zero. The monthly precipitation (31.4 mm) corresponded to long-term data.
Snow cover appeared in the second decade of January. Its greatest height (about 20 cm) was observed in late February. The maximum freezing of the soil was recorded in late January. However, a jump in air temperature to positive values (during the day to 6-8 о С above zero) in the period from January 28 to February 3 led to the ending of snow cover and thawing of the soil to a depth of 12 cm, and subsequent cooling resulted in refreezing of its top layer . At the end of the winter, the depth of soil freezing was 23 cm with an unfrozen layer at a depth of 9-12 cm.
The lowest soil temperature at the depth of lodging the tillering node for the whole winter period (6.2 о С below zero) was observed in the second half of January. At the end of February, this figure was 5.1 о С.
Thus, winter weather conditions were not critical for overwintering of winter wheat.
March 2018 appeared to be cold and wet. During the month, 35.2 mm of precipitation fell (135.4% of the climatic norm). The average daily temperature was 1.9 о С below zero, which is 2.2 о С lower than the long-term indicator. Vegetation resumed on March 30. Reserves of productive moisture at this time were in the layer of 0-20 cm 27-29 mm, 0-100 cm -166-169 mm. April was characterized by hot dry weather, especially in the second decade, when in the absence of precipitation, the average daily air temperature was twice the norm and amounted to 14.6 о С. In general, only 10.1 mm of precipitation fell during the month, i.e. a quarter of the climatic norm. The average daily air temperature for the month was 13.4 о С , which is 5.7 о С higher than long-term data. Hot weather was observed in May. The average daily air temperature was 19.1 о С, which is 4.3 о С higher than the average one for the years. Precipitation fell in the amount of 32.8 mm (58.6% of the climatic norm) only in the second decade. The first two decades of June were also characterized by a higher temperature regime of 3.7 о С and 3.4 о С above the norm, respectively, and insufficient moisture supply. The end of the month at moderate temperatures was rainy. Rainy weather was observed in the second half of July, which greatly complicated the harvest. The crops ripened at the beginning of the second decade of the month, but due to daily rains they were harvested in early August.
Research results and their discussion. Analysis of the data showed that fertilization systems, which involved the use of different types of fertilizers to crop feeding, provided a significant increase in yield on average over 3 years by 32.5-39.2% compared to the control, where fertilizers were applied only to the main fertilization (Table 1). Double application of growth stimulant Vimpel 2 (0.6 kg/ ha) in combination with pesticides and microfertilizer Oracul multicomplex (2 l/ ha) in the tillering phase and on the flag leaf increased crop productivity by 9.6-10.9%.

Yield of Darunok Podillia winter wheat depending on fertilization and crop care systems, average for 2016-2018
Fertilization (factor А) Note: 1-care system without Vimpel 2 application; 2-care system with Vimpel 2 application. LSD05, t/hа factor А -0.21, factor В -0.15, factor interaction АВ -0.30 It should be noted that the substitution of 50% of lime-ammonium nitrate for nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer (at a dose of N30) to feed crops during spring vegetation renewal (SVR) provided a significant increase in yield compared to the varient where N60 was applied only in the form of lime-ammonium nitrate.
Foliar feeding of winter wheat crops after vegetation renewal with microfertilizer-compensator of Oracul colofermin phosphorus at a rate of 2.5 l/ha (1.05 kg/ha of phosphorus) allowed additionally to obtain 0.16-0.23 t/ha (4.0-5.0%) on average for a period of 3 years relative to the variant where it was not applied. Compared with the control, the increase in yield was 38.7-39.2%. However, simultaneous application of urea and phosphorus fertilizer at a dose of N10 did not increase crop productivity. It should be mentioned that the effectiveness of foliar feeding in the early spring period is significantly increased by adding growth stimulant Vimpel 2 (0.6 kg/ha) to the tank mixture of pesticides.
At this, grain output increased on average by 0.69-0.70 t/ha (10.7-10.9%) over the years of research. The fertilization and crop care system had a significant impact on the formation of individual elements of the crop structure (Table 2). In particular, feeding of winter wheat crops contributed to an increase in the density of productive stemstand by 12.6-21.0% compared to the control variant. The highest indicator was in varient 4 (on average 533-558 pcs/ m 2 for the period of 3 years), where feeding with liquid phosphorus fertilizer was carried out. However, this indicator changed at only 4.0-5.4% depending on crop care.
Early spring foliar feeding with phosphorus, phosphorus and nitrogen had a positive effect on the graininess of the ear of the winter wheat. In these variants, it accounted for 42.6-45.9 pieces. and was higher by 2-3 grains compared to the variants where it was not carried out and by 6-8 grains compared to the control. The weight of grain from the ear changed little from the forms of fertilizers in the early spring feeding. The use of the growth stimulant Vimpel 2 had a more significant effect, which ensured its increase by 0.13-0.15g (7.2-9.2%).

Yield structure of Darunok Podillia winter wheat depending from fertilization and crop care systems, average for 2016-2018
Fertilization system (factor А) Depending on the variants of the research, the quality of products was also formed ( Table 3). The weight of 1000 grains in the studied variants was in the range of 42.5-45.2 g and increased in comparison with the control by 2.9-7.6%, respectively. The natural weight of the grain compared to the control due to feeding of crops increased by 4.3-5.2% and varied little depending on the fertilization systems.

Quality of Darunok Podilliawinter wheat grain depending on fertilization and crop care systems, average for 2016-2018
Fertilization system (factor А) Note: 1-care system without Vimpel 2 application; 2-care system with Vimpel 2 application.
The protein content in the grain averaged 11.4-12.8% over the years of the researches, the wet gluten content was 26.9-30.3% to the background 8.1-8.6% and 17.9-19.3 %. The formed gluten by elasticity belongs to the I group (good). In such a case, the treatment of crops with the growth stimulant Vimpel 2 shows a decrease in the average protein content by 0.3-0.8%, gluten content by 0.9-1.7%. According to three-year data, the quality indicators of the obtained grain on the variants with feeding correspond to ІІ-ІІІ, on the control -to VI class.

Conclusions
Having studied the effect of fertilization systems and use of double spraying of crops with growth stimulator Vimpel 2 in combination with pesticides and microfertilizer on productivity and quality of Darunok Podillia winter wheat grain in the conditions of Western Forest-steppe on typical low humus chernozem, it is stated: The highest yield of winter wheat 7.13 t/ha was provided by the fertilization system N160Р90К120 with early spring foliar feeding by Oracul colofermin phosphorus (2.5 l/ha) in combination with double spraying of crops with growth stimulator Vimpel 2 (0.6 kg/ha).
It is determined that in the fertilization system, when nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer is applied simultaneously with lime-ammonium nitrate at 30 kg/ha N in the early spring feeding, the yield of winter wheat increases by 0.11 t/ha, the protein content in the grain is 12.9% and the wet gluten contains 27.9%. Fertilization system, which included foliar application of microfertilizer-compensator Oracul colofermin phosphorus (2.5 l/ha) after the renewal of vegetation on the background of surface feeding with nitrogen fertilizers (N60), provided a significant increase in winter wheat yield by 4.0-5.0%, relative to background variant.
Double use of growth stimulator Vimpel 2 (0.6 l/ha) in combination with pesticides and microfertilizer Oracul multicomplex in the tillering phase and on the flag leaf increased the winter wheat grain output by 9.7-10.9%.