Productivity of winter wheat varieties and control of plant disease outbreaks under climate change conditions

Abstract

Goal. To study the impact of disease outbreaks on the yield of winter wheat varieties depending on the year of testing under the conditions of climate change. Methods. Field, laboratory, and analytical. Field studies were carried out under the conditions of monitoring surveys according to the methods of determining the field resistance of varieties to diseases and pests. Results. In 2018–2022, the average yield of the standard variety Lisova Pisnia was 4.84 t/ha. It exceeded the foreign variety Kolonia (4.82 t/ha) but was somewhat inferior to the Samurai (4.87 t/ha) and Skahen (4.89 t/ha) varieties. The highest yield was noted in the dry year of 2019, the lowest - when the crops stopped due to heavy rains in 2018. Due to unfavorable factors, the foreign varieties Skahen and Samurai were inferior in terms of yield to the Ukrainian standard variety Lisova Pisnia by 0.95 and 2.24 t/ha, respectively. The varieties Zemlerob, Kraievyd, Ivanna Poliska, Myroliubna, Viktoriia Poliska, Katrusia Poliska, etc., were the best in yield and resistant to bread failure. A higher level of disease damage (epiphytotial outbreak of powdery mildew, brown rust, leaf septoria) was noted in 2019 and 2022 in varieties without the use of fungicides and insecticides. In 2020, these diseases almost did not appear, but the spread of cereal aphids and thrips, carriers of viral diseases, was observed. Conclusions. Varieties from the State Register, Kesaria Poliska, Efektna, Zemlerob, Fortetsia Poliska, Spivanka Poliska, Pyriatynka, Kraievyd, and others, as well as genotypes submitted to the state scientific and technical examination, Katrusia Poliska, Victoriia Poliska, Ivanna Poliska, exceeded the standard varieties in yield (5.05–6.87 t/ha). It was established that in 2018 the Efektna variety had complex resistance to damage caused by brown rust and powdery mildew. In 2019, the Efektna, Polisianka, and Pyriatynka varieties were characterized by comprehensive resistance against several diseases (powdery mildew, septoria of leaves and ears, brown leaf rust, root rot). In 2020, high resistance (8–9 points) to several pests (cereal aphids and wheat thrips) was noted in 13 varieties, including Myroliubna, Krasunia Poliska, Romanivna, Rusiava, etc. In 2021, fusarium head blight caused considerable damage to varieties, its development was within 0–10% with a spread of 0–40%. Varieties Poliska 90, Polisianka, Rusiava, Pyriatynka, Fortetsia Poliska, Zemlerob, Ivanna Poliska, and the standard varieties Lisova Pisnia and Skahen were not affected by the disease. In 2022, the varieties Fortetsia Poliska, Liubito, Katrusia Poliska, Efektna, and Zemlerob had complex field resistance against diseases.