Formation of the balance of nutrients in sugar beet crops depending on fertilization and crop rotation structure

Abstract

Goal. To study the influence of organomineral fertilizer systems and the structure of crop rotations on the use and balance of nutrients in the agrocenosis of sugar beets. Methods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. The research data on the removal of nutrients by sugar beets and their balance in the soil with the use of organomineral fertilizer systems in short-term beet crop rotations are given. It was established that with the use of alternative organomineral fertilizer systems in conditions of sufficient moisture on the leached chornozem only in the presence of humus in the field, stable bases for growing sugar beets were formed. With the exclusion of haulm from the field, only the traditional manure-based fertilizer system ensured a positive balance of nutrients in the soil. Conclusions. The use of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N90P90K90 for sugar beets ensured the yield of root crops in rotations of 60.4–63.0 t/ha with economic removal of nitrogen 174–185 kg/ha, phosphorus — 44–48, potassium — 199–214 kg/ha. Under the mineral fertilizer system, nutrients were deficient in the soil, nitrogen and potassium prevailed in the removal of nutrients in the ratio N:P:K = 3.0–4.0:1:4.4–4.5. Under alternative organomineral fertilizer systems with the introduction of straw or in a combination of straw and green mass of white mustard against the background of N90P90K90 and the presence of haulm in the field, a balance was formed with a slight deficiency of nitrogen and potassium in the soil. The intensity of nitrogen balance was 88–95%, phosphorus — 275–319, and potassium — 90–102%. With the removal of haulm from the field using the specified fertilizer systems, the balance of nitrogen and potassium was ecologically unstable, the intensity of the nitrogen balance was 55–56%, phosphorus — 182–198, and potassium — 56–57%. The crop rotation factor did not significantly affect the formation of indicators of the balance of nutrients in the soil. A positive balance of nutrients was achieved with the traditional organomineral fertilizer system based on manure.